This history came to my attention from Richard Adams, who shared his memories of working at Atlanta Paper Company and in particular, for Arthur L. Harris. The story includes an everyday item that we purchase at the grocery store and the history behind how it evolved, but it also involves WWII and art in Atlanta.
Richard Adams has shared several stories with me from his youth, beginning in a farm house along what is now Dunwoody Club Drive. Adams, known to his friends as Gene, was born in the 1930s in a home where The Vineyards neighborhood is now located. He attended Morgan Falls School until his family moved to Roswell when he was thirteen years old.
Atlanta Paper Company Leading up to Arthur L. Harris
Atlanta Paper Company evolved from Elsas May Company, started in 1868 by Jacob Elsas and Isaac May. Elsas spent all the money he had to come to America from Wurttemberg, Germany in 1842. He was part of the movement of Germans Jews who came to America during the mid-1800s. On the journey, he borrowed one dollar from a fellow passenger to get to Cincinnati, Ohio. His uncle owned a manufacturing business in Cincinnati, so Elsas knew he could get work there.
From Cincinnati, Elsas passed through Tennessee and then on to Cartersville, Georgia where he opened a store. Once he made enough money from his new business, he travelled to Atlanta. In Atlanta, he began Elsas May and Company, joining up with another German immigrant, Isaac May. They were in the paper and cloth business. However, their partnership ended by the late 1880s, dividing into the Elsas May Paper Company and Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill Company. Jacob Elsas continued to own and operated Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill Company and sold Elsas May Paper Company to Isaac Liebmann in 1886. Read more about Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill history at this link to Georgia Tech archives.
Isaac Liebmann changed the name of Elsas May Paper Company to Atlanta Paper Company. He became the first president of Atlanta Paper Company. Liebmann was also the first president of the Concordia Club at Forsyth and Marietta Street. Concordia was a social club begun by leaders of the Jewish community. The name of the club was changed in 1904 to The Standard Club. Isaac Liebmann remained president of Atlanta Paper Company until he died in 1924 and is buried at Oakland Cemetery.
Isaac and wife Leila Liebmann had a daughter named Irma and she married Arthur I. Harris. Arthur I. Harris became the next president of Atlanta Paper Company. Arthur I. and Irma Harris son, Arthur L. Harris, would succeed his father at the post. Arthur L. Harris, born in 1910, attended Marist in Atlanta, Emory University for one year, then graduated from Yale University. From there, Harris went to Harvard Law School and worked for the firm of Hirsch, Smith, and Kilpatrick in Atlanta. In 1936, he left the firm and went to work for the family business, Atlanta Paper Company.
Arthur I. and Irma Harris’ daughter, Leila, married Henry Ogden. Ogden became Executive Vice President of the company and he and Leila lived at the Donaldson-Bannister Farm at the intersection of Vermack Road and Chamblee Dunwoody Road in Dunwoody for a few years in the 1940s. They hosted parties at the farm, known by the name Boxwood Farms at the time. They sold the home and property to the Frank Smith family in 1955. You can read more about the Ogden family in Dunwoody here.
How WWII Led to the Kraft Board Wet Strength Development
Atlanta Paper Company was primarily manufacturing corrugated shipping containers, folding boxes, and paper bags when Arthur L. Harris began working there. As the United States entered World War II, the company was doing a lot of business for the war effort. What Harris did next would help the soldiers, but would also save the family business, struggling as it emerged from The Great Depression.
Arthur L. Harris
“Upon my entry into the Atlanta Paper Company, a reorganization in this old established concern was necessary. Obsolete machinery and equipment had to be replaced with many thousands of dollars of new equipment and buildings,” Harris wrote as part of a letter to the United States government, offering his services. Harris continues, “On the basis of the above experiences and training, should my services be of more value to the United States Government at this time than in my present capacity, I should be very happy to go further into this matter at the request of Mr. Nelson.”
At the end of the letter, Harris lists his references, including Senator Walter F. George, Executive Vice President of Rich’s Frank H. Neely, Congressman Robert Ramspeck, and Rabbi David Marx, who led The Temple in Atlanta for fifty-one years.
The U. S. government took Harris up on his offer, making him Assistant Chief of the War Production Board Bureau of Priorities. His first assignment was to travel the U. S. and set up regional offices. This work began in 1942. Harris discovered that C-rations and other packages, including those with ammunition, were getting wet and falling apart before they got to the soldiers. Another issue was that packaging should not reflect light, since light reflection helped enemy snipers.
Atlanta Paper Company came up with the solutions to these issues, including wet strength technology. Arthur Harris was recognized for his impact during the war, receiving the Legion of Merit Award. The award was presented to him in 1946 by Major General Edward H. Brooks.
The citation read, “Major Arthur L. Harris, Army of the United States, was eminently successful in overcoming extremely difficult problems and providing urgent military needs for packaging and paper materials while serving in the Production Division, Army Service Forces, from January 1943 to August 1945. His vigor, resourcefulness and initiative in directing this important phase of the military supply program contributed outstandingly to the accomplishment of the Army Service Forces’ mission.” His parents and his sister, Mrs. Henry Ogden were present when he received the award. Harris’ compensation for his war time service was exactly one dollar.
Using the technology that helped get food and other supplies to the troops during World War II, Harris returned to Atlanta Paper Company and began production of wet-strength paper products, including the six-pack bottle carrier. The paper carrier, which began with paper made from the pulp of Georgia pine trees, was developed to be strong enough to carry six bottles of soda or beer, but also to remain strong when wet. This is the everyday item that we pick up at the store, not knowing or thinking about how it came about. Homer Forrer came up with the design of the six-pack carrier.
In 1950, Atlanta Paper Company opened a new plant on Marietta Street at a cost of $1.5 million. A railroad spur and railroad and truck sidings on either side of the building accommodated deliveries. The company was doing $14 to $15 million of business a year at the time, with seven hundred employees. To ensure the new wet strength technology was working, a Board Laboratory was established at Atlanta Paper Company.
It was during these years that Richard Adams began working at Atlanta Paper Company. “I went to work at Atlanta Paper Company in 1953 and was fortunate to work for Bill Connor, who had broad technical knowledge of the entire operation. I became manager of the Board Laboratory, gaining technical understanding from Bill about the whole operation. He was a chemist and was part of the events which led to wet strength development.”
Richard Adams conducts the paper strength of beverage products after the cartons sit in water.
“Specifications for the physical issues were established and given to the mills,” explains Adams. The mills were in Macon, Rome and Brunswick, Georgia. An additional mill in Alabama began producing the Kraft sheet later and continues today. Adams continues, “Because of potential personal liability due to package failure, Arthur Harris was conscientious of package quality and what it would do to his promise to the industry. We sampled each gluer daily soaking them in a water bath to assure we had adequate glue strength overall.”
Adams explains further, “The Kraft sheet had these specifications when produced and was consistently tested for compliance.” There were five tests, including basic weight, caliper (thickness), wet and dry tear, stiffness and smoothness.
One story Richard Adams shared from his days at Atlanta Paper Company was one that Art Harris had also heard. “He was a hands-on CEO, and often strolled through the factory to check on production runs, cheer on the workers and supervisors,” recalls Art Harris. Richard Adams adds, “When Mr. Harris was about to conduct an inspection of the plant, his secretary would let the employees know so they could be on their toes.” However, one time he walked into the loading dock area and saw a man laying on corrugated board asleep. Art Harris shares how his father reacted, “What the hell are you doing? We’re running a business and have no place for slackers.” Then he reached into his pocket, handed him two hundred dollars as severance and said, “Now get out of here.”
It turned out the man was a delivery driver who didn’t work for Atlanta Paper Company. The driver was quite happy as he left and waved to the security guard saying, “Mr. Harris just gave me two hundred dollars and told me to get out.”
Richard Adams enjoyed relaying this story to his fellow employees, until he was called in and asked to stop going around repeating what happened or risk being fired.
Mead Paper and Atlanta Paper Companies merged in 1956, at which time Arthur L. Harris became president of the Mead Paper Company Packaging Division. Mead Packaging International was founded by Harris during the next few years, including Mead Emballage-France. Today, Mead Paper is part of a more recent merger, the WestRock Corporation.
The same type of testing so crucial to the paper and packaging business when Richard Adams worked there still happens today. Today it is handled by businesses such as Applied Paper Technology. Vann Parker, owner and president of Applied Paper Technology, and Richard Adams worked together in the 1990’s. Vann Parker gave us a tour of their testing laboratory, where some of the same tests are still being implemented. Tests for the strength of the carton handle, both wet and dry, test for rips, and porosity (air passing through) are just some of the assessments performed on the paper cartons and other packages.
A visit to Applied Paper Technology of Marietta in 2018, where testing of paper packaging was demonstrated for Richard Adams and myself.
Vann Parker of Applied Paper Technology showed us around and demonstrated various types of paper testing.
Significance to the Arts
Arthur L. Harris commissioned artist George Beatty to do an original painting in 1954, which could be reproduced and distributed to customers. The following year he decided to hold a competition for local artists. This became the “Painting of the Year” competition and continued for several years. One aspect of the competition that artists preferred was that the judges were people involved in the arts.
Harris acknowledged the importance of art in packaging, noting “Art, along with package designing, is the keystone to the successful production of our cartons and containers of today. The welfare of the industry is dependent to a great extent on art.”
In 1968, Arthur L. Harris, president of Mead Paper and honorary French Consul in Atlanta, received the Legion of Honor Medal from France. Harris was selected for the honor for continuing to bring business to France, endorsed by Charles de Gaulle. It was January 27, 1968, the same day an Auguste Rodin sculpture was given to the city of Atlanta in memory of the 106 Atlanta art patrons who died at Orly Airport in 1962. There were 122 passengers total who perished in the crash.
M. Jacques Leprette presented the sculpture, which was given the name L’Ombre, or The Shade. The Atlanta Memorial Center, now known as Woodruff Arts Center was built in honor of the passengers.
Art Harris
Art Harris, son of Arthur L. and Helen Eisenman Harris, shared newspaper articles and stories of his father when he joined Richard Adams and I at the Atlanta History Center. The three of us searched the Arthur L. Harris file at the Kenan Research Center. Art Harris’ resume includes The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Atlanta Bureau Chief for the Washington Post, and CNN Investigative Correspondent. He covered the O. J. Simpson trial, Oklahoma City bombing, Atlanta Centennial Olympic Park bombing, and the death of Princess Diana-just to name a few. He also was embedded with troops in Iraq. For more on Art Harris, visit artharris.com.
Other sources include:
Atlanta History Center collections, Arthur L. Harris file; Library.gatech.edu/fulton_bag/history; The Atlanta Constitution, January 31, 1950; Atlanta Journal Constitution March 12, 1996; The Atlanta Constitution, April 12, 1954; The Atlanta Constitution, February 1, 1948; Atlanta and Environs: Volume I by Franklin Garrett.